水稻突变体W33高位分蘖特性利用价值研究

为探讨水稻突变体材料W33高位分蘖特性在水稻育种上的利用价值。以野生型水稻恢复系R818及其高节位分蘖突变体W33为试验材料,用盆栽试验研究R818和W33的植株、分蘖和穗部性状差异,用大田栽培控制性试验比较R818和W33分蘖、产量构成性状及子粒产量差异,测得参试材料各性状数据。结果表明,生长前期W33和R818株高、主茎叶均长无明显差异,中后期二者株高、主茎叶均长渐显显著或极显著差异;W33单株平均分蘖数是R818的7.5~8.8倍,平均有效穗数是R818的8.6倍,分蘖平均成穗率与R818相当,但单穗穗长、枝梗数和着粒数明显低于R818,而千粒重与R818无明显差异;W33和R818单株籽粒产量均随密度增大而降低,并以最低密度条件下最高,最高密度条件下最低;尽管W33单穗产量明显低于R818,但在相同栽插密度条件下,W33和R818群体产量差异不显著(F=3.7868<F_0.05,1,4);在一定密度范围内,W33能充分发挥其旺盛的分蘖力和较高的成穗率优势,以弥补单穗产量较低的缺陷,其群体产量最终达到与R818相当的水平。说明W33旺盛的分蘖力和较高的分蘖成穗率特性在水稻育种上具有一定的利用价值。     

甜玉米(Zea mays L.saccharata Sturt)含糖量与主要农艺性状的相关及通径分析

为选育含糖量高的甜玉米品种,本试验对甜玉米含糖量与主要农艺性状进行相关性分析。结果表明,含糖量与穗长、株高、穗位呈正相关,与单穗重、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、轴重、轴粗、百粒重、茎粗呈负相关。在实际选择中可以参考这些性状来选择含糖量高的甜玉米。为了更加清楚地了解各主要农艺性状和含糖量之间的直接效应和间接效应,对此进行通径分析,结果表明,各农艺性状对含糖量的通径系数顺序为穗长>株高>轴重>穗位>单穗重>穗粗>茎粗>行粒数>穗行数>百粒重>轴粗>秃尖长>皮渣率。本研究为今后选育含糖量高的甜玉米品种提供了重要的参考依据。     

不同施氮量下南方红壤花生农艺性状、产量及土壤养分的变化

为探讨南方红壤旱地不同施氮量下花生农艺性状、产量和土壤养分的变化,采用田间随机区组试验,以高含氮肥料为材料,设置8个处理:不施氮肥（N₀）、200%施氮量（N_200%）、150%施氮量（N_150%）、100%施氮量（N_100%,纯施氮180.48 kg/hm²）、80%施氮量（N_80%）、60%施氮量（N_60%）、40%施氮量（N_40%）和20%施氮量（N_20%）。结果表明:与N₀处理相比,施氮肥提高了花生荚果产量,增产幅度为12.94%~24.62%;荚果产量、单株果重和饱果率随施氮量的增加而增加;而分枝数和百仁重随施氮量变化不明显;株高和百果重以N_80%效果最佳。土壤碱解氮随施氮量的增加而增加。相关分析结果表明,花生荚果产量与饱果率、有机质和碱解氮呈显著正相关;碱解氮与饱果率和有机质呈显著正相关,而与pH呈显著负相关。由主成分分析结果可知,第1主成分性状,即产量因子,如荚果产量、单株果重和百果重对花生生长有重要的作用。通径分析结果表明,百果重和饱果率通径系数较大,所以在提高花生荚果产量中应重视这2个性状。综上所述,从花生产量、农艺性状和成本考虑,以N_80%处理（纯施氮144.38 kg/hm²）的荚果产量、株高、单株果重、百果重、百仁重表现最佳。     

水条播对寒地水稻农艺性状和产量构成因素的影响

随着劳动力的短缺,直播水稻具有省工省力的优点逐渐受到重视,因此筛选适宜水条播（直播）的水稻品种是极其重要的。为此,以29份寒地水稻为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究水条播对寒地水稻农艺性状、产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明,水条播对寒地水稻单位面积穗数的影响为偏正向,对株高、穗长、穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗粒数、成粒率、千粒重、生物产量、经济系数和理论产量的影响都是偏负向的。水条播提高了穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、成粒率、千粒重、生物产量、经济系数和理论产量的变异程度,而千粒重的变异系数较小。穗重、成粒率和生物产量对水条播反应较敏感的材料,一般其理论产量对水条播的反应也较敏感。     

峨眉山野生茶树资源农艺性状多样性分析

为挖掘峨眉山野生茶树和群体种中的优良资源,利用因子分析、聚类分析和感官审评等方法,对峨眉山40份野生茶树种质资源农艺性状进行遗传多样性分析和资源评价。结果表明,峨眉山茶树种质资源丰富,且多以灌木型为主;18个芽叶形态性状的变异系数为7.70%~60.99%,变异系数最大的性状是芽叶色泽(60.99%)。因子分析表明,18个芽叶形态性状综合为6个公因子,前6个公因子的特征值大于1且累计贡献率达80.74%,主要代表性指标为叶片大小、叶片锯齿和叶面特征等。聚类分析将研究材料分为5个大的类群,显示了复杂的亲缘关系和丰富的遗传多样性。适制性研究表明,初步筛选的11份种质资源制绿茶适制性较好,感官审评总分在92分以上,大体表现为香气鲜香带花香、清香高长带花香或栗香浓郁带花香,滋味鲜爽、鲜甜或鲜浓醇。     

Linking size‐based trophodynamics and morphological traits in marine fishes

The rule of thumb in marine trophodynamics indicates that the bigger an organism, the higher its trophic level (TROPH). This generalization leads to the assumption that fishes increase their TROPH with growth. However, a recent review showed that for many species, TROPH does not increase with body size, suggesting that size‐independent feeding is not rare in marine fishes. Here, we assessed some morphological traits of marine fishes that could potentially be used as indicators for the ability to vary TROPH with body size. Stable isotope values of nitrogen were used as a proxy TROPH. The specific objectives were as follows: (a) to evaluate the relationship between the oral gape and the trophodynamic trend and (b) to quantify the relevance of 11 external morphological traits in determining the size‐based trophodynamics. We used random forest models to identify the morphological traits that would help predict which species would have the potential to increase TROPH with growth and which would have not. The selected traits included the pelvic fin relative position, the dorsal fin shape, total length, and relative mouth size. Our results also showed a marked relationship between the rate of increase in the oral gape and TROPH. The analyses presented here provide the first comprehensive and quantitative review aiming at linking the trophodynamics of marine fishes with external morphological traits.     

三江源区不同建植年限人工草地根系动态特征

根系动态特征能够反映人工草地植物利用土壤资源的效率和群落恢复演替的程度。本研究以三江源区不同建植年限（5、6、9和13年）人工草地植物根系为研究对象，利用“微根管”技术，连续两个生长季（2015年5-9月和2016年5-9月）探究了4个建植年限人工草地根系动态特征。结果表明：地上生物量和丰富度在建植5~9年呈下降趋势，建植9~13年显著上升；土壤理化性质呈“N”字型变化，不同建植年限间差异显著；随建植年限增加，根系寿命、累积生产量和累积死亡量均波动上升，根系的生长和死亡主要发生在0~10 cm土层；根系平均现存量随建植年限增加持续增加，建植6~9年趋于深层化；根系生产量、死亡量和现存量具有明显季节变化，6月为生长高峰期，7月为现存量高峰期，8月为死亡高峰期，建植9年人工草地根系正生长高峰期迟于其他建植年限；建植年限和土层深度直接影响根系寿命，其余环境因子通过影响土壤速效养分或地上生物量间接影响根系现存量。综上所述，建植人工草地能够增加地上生物量和丰富度，改善土壤质量，促进根系现存量的增加，建植6~9年人工草地的二次退化现象只是暂时性过渡阶段，可在此阶段制定合理的人工管理措施来保证土壤养分的稳定输入，加快群落正向演替的进程，从而提高人工草地的群落稳定性和恢复力。     

Genetic parameters for growth‐related traits and survival with age in the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Genetic parameters were estimated for growth‐related traits and survival of the Kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus based on 66 families, including 30 paternal half‐sib families, which were obtained using artificial insemination of two females by each male. The variance components for growth‐related trait and survival were estimated using a single‐trait animal model and a sir‐dam model, respectively, and genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method. The coefficients of variation for growth‐related traits such as body length (BL), abdominal length (AL), and body weight (BW) were 9.36%–22.44%, 10.61%–21.92%, and 26.47%–58.33%, respectively, at different ages (45, 75, 105, 135, and 165 days). The corresponding heritability estimates for each growth trait were 0.1545–0.1951, 0.1672–0.1905, and 0.1596–0.1934, respectively, all of which were found to be at moderate levels and increased with age. The heritability of survival on day 165 was low (0.003). The genetic correlations among growth traits were positive and high (0.7316–0.9896) at the different ages, suggesting that selection to improve any single growth trait will cause positive responses in other growth traits examined in M. japonicus. The genetic correlations between growth traits and survival were also positive but low (0.005–0.087), which indicated that only selecting for growth traits may not cause a positive correlated response in the survival of the core population. According to the above results, we suggested that growth and survival traits should be taken as improving targets of breeding in M. japonicus. These results provided reference data for selective breeding and multitrait selection of M. japonicus.